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In western medicine， the small intestine anatomically belongs to the digestive system and is also an important immune organ of the body. The innate immune system of the small intestine consists of a tissue barrier， innate immune cells， and innate immune molecules. The dysfunction of any part can cause metabolic disorders and eventually lead to diabetes. In the pathogenesis of diabetes， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has the theory of ''spleen deficiency causing diabetes''， which points out that the impaired spleen function results in inadequate transformation， impaired essence spread， and turbidity by essence accumulation， which is the core pathological link of blood glucose metabolism disorder in diabetes. In terms of the relationship between the small intestine and the spleen， the theory of TCM holds that the small intestine is located in the abdomen and the abdomen is dominated by the spleen. The digestion， absorption， and endocrine functions of the small intestine are also similar to the functions of spleen in governing movement and transformation and spreading essence by virtue of spleen Qi. Therefore， the anatomical and physiological functions of the small intestine in western medicine are closely related to the spleen in TCM. At the same time， the spleen is closely related to the innate immune function of the small intestine in TCM. The spleen participates in the generation and distribution of defense Qi， and the process of defense Qi playing the external function is similar to the process of the activation of the innate immune response. The spleen is also an important organ involved in fluid metabolism， which can cooperate with the lung and kidney to timely remove turbid fluid from the body. It can also work with the stomach as the hub of Qi ascending and descending and regulate the physiological activities of "clear Yang" and "turbid Yin"， so as to ensure the homeostasis of the internal environment of the body， which is the basis for maintaining the normal function of the innate immunity of the small intestine. Therefore， taking "spleen deficiency causing diabetes" as a bridge， the theory of TCM and western medicine were combined to explain the relationship between small intestinal innate immunity imbalance and the pathogenesis of diabetes from the perspective of TCM， which is helpful to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes in a deeper level and also provide a new perspective and new way for the prevention and treatment of this disease with TCM.
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Objective:To compare and analyze the differences of common dose indicators before and after operation of 3D-printing template assisted by CT-guided 125I seed implantation in the treatment of bone metastases to guide clinical application. Methods:A retrospective analysis of 12 lesions in the 10 patients (9 males and 1 female, median age 65 years), who underwent seed implantation surgery for bone metastases in the Tianjin Third Central Hospital from June 2019 to January 2021, was conducted. All the lesions were adopted for 3D-printing template to guide seed implantation and the prescribed dose was 120-140 Gy. The differences of common dose indicators between preoperative treatment plan and postoperative verification plan were compared, including D90 (dose received by 90% of the target volume), D100 (dose received by 100% of the target volume), V90 (the volume percent for tumor target volume receiving 90% of the prescribed dose), V100 (the volume percent for tumor target volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose), V150 (the volume percent for tumor target volume receiving 150 % of the prescribed dose), as well as the quantity of seeds planned and actually used. The paired t-test was performed to compare and analyze those parameters. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in pre- and postoperative D90, D100, V90, V100, V150 ( P > 0.05). The actual quantity of seeds used after operation was more than that of the preoperative planned quantity and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.930, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The clinical use of 3D-printing template assisted by CT-guided 125I seed implantation for bone metastasis should be promoted since the dose is accurate and the requirements of preoperative plan can be achieved.
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Objective:To master the changes of Kashin-Beck disease and the examination and acceptance in Zhalantun City, and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies of Kashin-Beck disease.Methods:From 2016 to 2017, in each county under the jurisdiction of Zhalantun City, 5 townships affected by the disease were selected, 3 villages were selected from each township, and the prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease of all residential children aged 7 to 12 years who lived in the villages for more than 6 months were investigated. The clinical and X-ray diagnosis were performed according to the "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010) standard, and the prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease in children aged 7 to 12 years in Zhalantun City in 2016 and 2017 were compared. In accordance with the "Key Endemic Disease Control and Elimination Evaluation Measures" ([2014]79), the condition of Kashin-Beck disease and the implementation of its prevention and control measures was assessed.Results:From 2016 to 2017, 1 697 children aged 7 to 12 years were examined, there were no clinical cases of Kashin-Beck disease and 11 cases of X-ray positive changes. Among them, 844 children were examined in 2016, the positive rate of X-ray was 0.24% (2/844), the positive rate of metaphyseal was 0.24% (2/844), and no positive changes of extremities and triad were detected. A total of 853 children were examined in 2017, the positive rate of X-ray was 1.06% (9/853), the positive rate of metaphyseal was 1.06% (9/853), and no positive changes of extremities and triad were detected. The positive rate of X-ray and metaphyseal of Kashin-Beck disease in children aged 7 - 12 years in 2017 were higher than those in 2016 (χ 2 = 4.409, 4.409, P < 0.05). All surveyed villages had reached the national elimination standard (no clinical cases for children aged 7 - 12 years, X-ray positive rate ≤3% and no cases of hand bone end changes); the organization management scores of Kashin-Beck disease prevention and treatment in Zhalantun City in 2016 and 2017 were 88 points, reaching the qualified standard ( > 85 points). Conclusion:The condition of Kashin-Beck disease in Zhalantun City has reached the standard of elimination, which lays a foundation for further comprehensive elimination of Kaschin-Beck disease in Hulunbuir City.
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Objective:To understand the content of fluorine in tea leachate in Shijiazhuang City.Methods:From 2017 to 2019, different varieties of tea (including 7 varieties of green tea, scented tea, dark tea, oolong tea, black tea, white tea, and yellow tea) with high sales volume were purchased at the Shijiazhuang Tea Market. The fluoride content in tea was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode method through different soaking time (5, 10, 15, 20 min) and soaking times (1, 2, 3 times).Results:A total of 82 tea samples were detected, including 25 kinds of green tea (30.49%), 5 kinds of scented tea (6.10%), 11 kinds of dark tea (13.41%), 17 kinds of oolong tea (20.73%), 15 kinds of black tea (18.29%), 7 kinds of white tea (8.54%) and 2 kinds of yellow tea (2.44%). After soaking for 20 min, the fluorine contents in tea leachate of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and dark tea (40.63, 65.43, 26.39, 58.90 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those in 5 min(23.09, 32.24, 15.77, 32.00 mg/kg, P < 0.05). Taking the fluorine content of the tea leachate soaking for 20 min as the total fluorine content, oolong tea was the highest, with a median of 65.43 mg/kg; black tea was the lowest, with a median of 26.39 mg/kg; The fluorine contents of oolong tea, dark tea and scented tea were significantly higher than that of black tea( P < 0.05). With the increase of soaking times of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, dark tea and white tea, the fluorine contents in tea leachate decreased significantly ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:In this study, the content of fluorine in the oolong tea is the highest, and the lowest is black tea. It is suggested that local residents in Shijiazhuang should drink black tea.
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Objective:To evaluate the value of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT and ultrasonography in preoperative localization of secondary hyperpa-rathyroidism. Methods:A retrospective analysis of 85 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to uremia who underwent total parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy + autologous transplantation was performed. All patients underwent color Doppler ultrasound and SPECT/CT before operation. Taking the surgical pathological results as the gold standard, the significance of SPECT/CT examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination for the preoperative localization of parathyroid nodules was analyzed.Results:The sensitivity of color Doppler ultrasound and SPECT/CT for diagnosing ectopic parathyroid nodule were 70.9% and 66.9%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2=2.773, P=0.428). The combined of color Doppler ultrasound and SPECT/CT was superior to the single application of color Doppler ultrasound (χ 2=5.161, P=0.023) and SPECT/CT (χ 2=3.735, P=0.041) for diagnosing ectopic parathyroid nodules. Conclusions:For SHPT patients who require parathyroidectomy, the combined application of ultrasound and SPECT/CT before surgery can improve the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of parathyroid nodules, thereby increasing the success rate of surgery.
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Objective To study the differences of UVB damage among yong,intermediate and aged human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs),the recovery effect of adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) on UVB damage and the relationship between the recovery effect and ADSC-CM concentration as well as its treating period.Methods HDFs were cultured at different senescent degrees in vitro to establish UVB damage model of HDFs,and then the HDFs were cultured in different concentration ADSC-CM and cellular proliferation was detected.Results The optimal treating period and concentration of ADSC-CM were 48h and 100％ respectively.As to HDFs in different senescent degrees,ADSC-CM was able to accelerate cellular proliferation in both UVB group and control group.Conclusions Independently or simultaneously,the intrinsic and extrinsic factors can cause ageing damages on HDFs.To some extent,ADSC-CM has recovery effect on the damages through secretomes from ADSC.
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Objective To explore the feasibility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided transthoracic incision closure of aortic sinus aneurysm rupture (RASA).Methods Data of 30 patients with RASA underwent TEE guided transthoracic incision closure of RASA were retrospectively analyzed.The distance between the coronary artery ostium and crevasse was measured in right coronary sinus aneurysm rupture patients.During the operation,the guide wire and sheath pipe were guided accurately into rupture mouth of aortic sinus aneurysm with TEE.After the operation,the position of closure and the function of aortic valves were checked carefully,while in right coronary sinus aneurysm rupture patients,coronary ostium should not be occluded by the occluder.Results Totally 20 of 30 patients accepted interventional treatment successfully.Right coronary sinus aneurysm rupture was found in 10 patients,including 7 with rupture developing into right ventricle and 3 with rupture into right atrium.Posterior coronary sinus tumor rupture was found in 10 patients,including 8 with rupture developing into right atrium and 3 with rupture into right ventricle.Patients who received intervention treatment successfully had stable vital signs,and no obvious changes of heart cavity structure and cardiac function was found.Postoperative multiple reexaminations showed all patients had normal closure position,aortic valve opening and closing movement was normal.No stenosis,reflux signal nor residual shunt were found.Conclusion RASA can be diagnosed accurately with TEE,and the occluder can be placed guided by TEE.TEE guided transthoracic incision closure of RASA is a feasible method.
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OBJECTIVE:To reduce drug repercussion of outpatient pharmacy,and to promote safe drug use.METHODS:By quality control circle (QCC),the data of drug repercussion were selected from outpatient pharmacy of our hospital in Sept.2016.The drug repercussion reason check list was designed to master the situation of drug repercussion in outpatient department,formulate improvement measures and confirm effect through field inspection.The case number of drug repercussion and the improvement of circle members' ability were compared one month before and after QCC (Mar.2017).Finally,the effects of QCC were evaluated.RESULTS:Referring to the reasons for the repercussion of adjunct drugs for inspection and the repercussion of unsuitable drug use in our hospital,those problems were improved by formulating manual for drug use examination project,optimizing and examining drug delivery process in the department,etc.The case number of drug repercussion in outpatient pharmacy decreased from 31 cases per month to 12 cases per month;the rate of goal achievement was 119％;the rate of improvement was 61％.The ability of QCC members to solve problems and the ability to use QCC skills were increased positively.CONCLUSIONS:The development of QCC activity in our hospital reduces case number of drug repercussion and optimizes drug delivery process in outpatient pharmacy,and promotes safe drug use.
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This article systematically reviewed the clinical research of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) combined with Vacuum Sealing Drainage (VSD) in the treatment of refractory wounds. The results showed that TCM combined with VSD for refractory wounds was characterized by abundent treatment and effectiveness. Treatments such as oral administration of TCM decoction, injection and lavage administration of TCM decoction, and external application of TCM ointment can reduce the level of inflammation in the wound, improve local microcirculation, promote granulation tissue growth and wound healing, and improve clinical efficacy. This paper summarized the clinical researches on the treatment of refractory wounds by TCM and VSD, and provide a useful reference for clinical treatment of refractory wounds.
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Objective To grasp the prevalence of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet,and to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention and control strategies.Methods Twelve counties were selected from 7 regions in Tibet.In accordance with the "Drinking Brick-Tea Type Endemic Fluorosis Monitoring Program",a total of 46 administrative villages were selected as survey points using the cluster stratified sampling method.Household water samples,tea-water samples and adult urine samples were collected,and household fluorine intake status and incidence of skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years old were investigated.In the rural grade primary school where the village children were concentrated,all children aged 8-12 were selected,urine samples were collected,and the prevalence of dental fluorosis was investigated.Fluoride contents in tea,water,and urine were detected by ion selective electrode method.The dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis were examined and judged according to the "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011) and the "Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS 192-2008),respectively.Results A total of 46 villages in 12 counties were investigated,1 992 of water samples,1 662 of tea samples,664 of children urine samples,3 186 of adult urine samples were detected;547 children aged 8-12 were examined dental fluorosis and 3 196 adults were examinea skeletal fluorosis,respectively.The water fluoride contents in all the investigated villages were less than 1.0 mg/L;the average fluoride content in brick-tea water was 6.12 mg/L,within the range of 0.11-84.00 mg/L,and the average daily brick tea fluorine intake of residents was 24.98 mg.The geometric mean of urine fluoride in children and adults was 0.76,2.28 mg/L,respectively.The prevalence rates of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years old were 31.81％ (174/547) and 48.59％ (1 553/3 196),respectively.The children dental fluorosis index was 0.60.The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults aged 36-45 was 13.37％ (69/516).Conclusions The prevalence of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet is serious and widely distributed.In particular,the prevalence rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults is relatively high,while that of dental fluorosis in children is relatively mild.The prevention and control of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet brook no delay.
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Objective To evaluate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) technique in differential diagnosis of renal tumors.Methods Totally 86 patients with 86 renal tumors underwent conventional ultrasound and ultrasound with ARFI technique.The shear wave velocity (SWV),virtual touch tissue imaging (VTI) score between tumors and the surrounding renal parenchyma,benign and malignant tumors were compared.Results In 86 patients with renal tumors,32 cases were renal benign tumors and all them were angiomyolipomas (AML),54 cases were renal malignant tumors,inculding 26 cases of renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC),8 cases of renal color cell carcinoma (cRCC),5 cases of renal papillary carcinoma (pRCC),15 cases of invasive urothelial carcinoma (IUC).The difference of SWV and VTI scores between lesions and the surrounding renal parenchyma were statistically significant (both P＜0.05).The SWV and VTI score renal benign tumors were lower than those of malignant tumors (both P＜0.05).The area under the ROC curve with SWV＞1.37 m/s or VTI score＞3.83 to distinguish benign and malignant renal tumors were 0.898,0.847,sensitivity were 88.9％,83.3％,specificity were 84.4％,78.1％,respectively (P＜0.05).Among renal malignant tumors,SWV and VTI score of ccRCC significantly higher than those of other malignant tumors,and the area under the ROC curve with SWV＞2.06 m/s or VTI score＞4.31 to distinguish ccRCC and other renal malignant renal tumors were 0.766,0.729,sensitivity were 65.4％,57.7％,specificity was 82.1％,78.6％,respectively (P＜0.05).Conclusion ARFI has important value in differential diagnosis of renal tumors,and can help to distinguish ccRCC with other renal malignant tumors.
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Objective To investigate the effect of nutritional counseling combined with oral high-fat, high-protein nutritional supplement (Ensource) on nutritional status and clinical outcomes of esophageal cancer patients under radiotherapy treatment.Methods Totally 80 esophageal cancer patients under radiotherapy treat-ment who were able to take oral feeding and with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) score≥3 were se-lected and divided into a study group (n=41, nutritional counseling combined with oral nutritional supplements) and a control group ( n=39, nutritional counseling) with a random number table.Energy intake, nutritional sta-tus, and incidences of radiotherapy complications of the two groups before and after radiotherapy were compared. Results Energy intakes in the study group increased significantly during radiotherapy compared with the control group [ (2 445 ±686) kJ vs.(1 747 ±456) kJ, P=0.003];and the level of prealbumin and transferrin were increased significantly compared with before radiotherapy [ (17.35 ±5.83) mg/L vs.(20.15 ±6.02) mg/L, P=0.008;(213.74 ±52.66) mg/L vs.(264.19 ±43.78) mg/L, P=0.002].Besides, compared with the control group, incidence of radiation esophagitis ( GradeⅢ) and radiation skin injury ( GradeⅢ) in the study group decreased significantly (24%vs.38%, P=0.000;27%vs.41%, P=0.000).Conclusion Nutritional counseling combined with oral nutritional supplements in esophageal cancer patients could help improve the patients'nutritional profile and decrease the incidence of complications related with radiotherapy.
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Objective To investigate the clinical value of dual‐source CT (DSCT ) in assessing adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) .Methods The data in 29 ACHD patients with DSCT were retrospectively analyzed .Results Among 29 cases ,the major‐ity suffered from two or more cardiovascular malformations ,in which 20 cases had intracardiac malformations ,including 4 cases (13 .79% ) tetralogy of Fallot ,6 cases (20 .69% ) were atrial septal defect ,4 cases(13 .79% ) were bicuspid aortic valve (13 .79% ) and 8 cases (27 .58% )were ventricular septal defect ;19 cases had extracardiac malformations ,in which 3 cases(10 .34% ) were co‐arctation of the aorta ,4 cases (13 .79% ) were patent ductus arteriosus ,3 cases (10 .34% ) were transposition of the great arteries and 5 cases (17 .24% ) were anomalous pulmonary venous connection .Conclusion DSCT could not only clearly demonstrate the cardiovascular malformations in ACHD patients ,but also conduct the observation on the lung ,trachea and bronchia ,which can pro‐vide detailed anatomic information for surgery .
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Objective To assess the application of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for occluding the rupture of aortic sinus aneurysm ( RASA ) by cardiac interventional therapy via mini thoracotomy . Methods After anesthesia transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE ) was performed in patients with RASA to confirm or correct primary diagnosis from transthoracic echocardiography( TTE) and to predict the operative effect . During the operation the guide wire and Sheath pipe were accurately guided into rupture mouth of aortic sinus aneurysm by TEE . After the operation ,the position of closure and the function of aortic valve need to check carefully . Results Collection of 38 patients with aortic sinus aneurysm rupture ,20 patients who can be received interventional therapy were select by TEE . Sixteen patients accepted interventional treatment successfully ,including 8 cases with non‐coronary sinus tumor to break into the right atrium ,5 cases with non‐coronary sinus tumor to break into the right ventricle ,and 3 cases with right coronary sinus tumor to break into the right ventricular outflow tract ( 3 cases) . The patients who received intervention treatment successfully had stable vital signs ,and no obvious changes of heart cavity structure and cardiac function in normal . Postoperative multiple reexamination ,all patients showed the normal closure position ,aortic valve opening and closing movement . And no stenosis and reflux signal ,no residual shunt was detected . Conclusions TEE can confirm or correct primary diagnosis of TTE before the operation and guide the surgery operator to place the closure correctly during the operation and evaluate the effect of the treatment after the operation .
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Objective To assess the patient effective dose during SPECT/CT imaging.Methods A total of 157 patients (85 males,72 females;mean age:(60.46±13.44) years,range:24-88 years) who underwent SPECT/CT from April 2013 to September 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.They were divided into 3 groups:99Tcm-MDP bone scan group (n=113),99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid imaging group (n=23) and 99Tcm-MAA pulmonary perfusion imaging group (n=21).The injection dose (MBq) was recorded and the effective dose (mSv) was estimated according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) guideline.The volume-weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) of CT were also recorded and the effective dose (mSv) due to CT was calculated.The effective doses among different groups were statistically compared by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Wilcoxon rank sum test.Results The effective dose from radiopharmaceuticals were (4.02±0.35) mSv for 99Tcm-MDP bone scan,(6.13±0.53) mSv for 99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid imaging and (1.66±0.13) mSv for 99Tcm-MAA pulmonary perfusion imaging (x2=96.853;Z =7.533,7.262 and 5.676;all P＜ 0.05).The effective dose due to CT were (3.84±1.98),(1.04±0.19),(4.05±0.47) mSv respectively (x2 =41.225,P＜0.05),and there were significant differences between 99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid imaging group and 99Tcm-MDP bone scan group,99Tcm-MAA pulmonary perfusion imaging group(Z=6.046 and 5.672,both P＜0.05).The total effective dose during SPECT/CT imaging were (7.86± 1.98),(7.21±0.81) and (5.71±0.45) mSv (x2 =28.988,P＜ 0.05).There were significant differences between 99Tcm-MAA pulmonary perfusion imaging group and 99Tcm-MDP bone scan group,99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid imaging group(Z=4.967 and 4.994,both P＜0.05).Conclusions The increase in effective dose due to spiral CT during SPECT/CT examination should be concerned.Appropriate utilization and optimization of SPECT/CT is needed.
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Objective:To investigate whether the nutrition support team (NST) benefits esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients who are concurrently undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Methods: Between June 2012 and December 2013, 40 EC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy were divided into the NST group and routine treatment (RT) group, with 20 patients in each group. At the end of chemoradiotherapy, the nutritional status, incidence of complications, and completion rates of radiotherapy were evaluated. The length of hospital stay (LOS) and cost were also compared between the two groups. Results:The nutrition and blood parameter values of the NST group were better (P0.05) for the patients of the NST group. Conclusion: NST could maintain the nutritional status and improve the treatment compliance and tolerance of EC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy, thereby shortening the LOS time and reducing the costs.
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Objective The transgenic Atractylodes macrocephala resistance to Rhizoctonia solani was obtained by gene engineering. Methods On the base of the efficient regeneration system of Baizhu via shoot organogenesis, the rice chitinase gene (RCH10) and the alfalfa ?-1, 3-glucanase gene (AGLU) were tandem-inserted into the transformation vector pB101, which was transformed into A. macrocephala with gene gun. Transformants were confirmed by PCR, GUS assay, and disease resistant. Results Twenty-five independent transformants possessed desired genes were observed by PCR detection, and among them five transformants exhibiting resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Conclusion The disease resistant variety has been obtained by transformation, which provides a shorten avenue for the direct introduction of novel traits into A. macrocephala through genetic engineering without the need for numerous back-crossing in breeding programs that slow down cultivar improvement, meanwhile it improves disease resistant gene pool.
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Objective To evaluate the genotoxicity of the organic extracts in the fishpond water containing the sewage. Methods Healthy Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to the body weight, 8 mice in each group. The mice were treated with organic extracts through intraperitoneal injection at the doses of 25 L/kg, 12.5 L/kg, 6.25 L/kg, 3.125 L/kg water sample respectively for 3 consecutive days. Genotoxicity induced by organic extracts from the fishpond water containing the sewage was detected by the mice bone marrow micronucleus test and un-fluorescent staining comet assay of mice peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results The frequencies of the micronuclei in PCE cells of mice in the 25 L/kg and 12.5 L/kg groups of the sample were significantly higher than those of the negative control group(P
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Objective To understand the genotoxicity of organic extracts (OEs) of fishpond water containing sewage.Methods Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into different groups according to the body weight,6 in each group.The OEs were administrated to the mice through peritoneal injection at the doses of 25.00 L/kg,12.50 L/kg and 6.25 L/kg respectively for 3 consecutive days.The negative and positive control groups were treated with DMSO and cyclophosphamide (CP) respectively.The DNA damage was tested by using un-fluorescent staining comet assay.Results The tailed-cells rates and tail length in each OEs treated group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group (P